Review Article

Available Online: 13 Jul 2026

Importance of Cell Alignment in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Volume 3

Native myocardium is a structurally anisotropic and electromechanically integrated tissue in which cardiomyocytes, extracellular matrix fibers, vascular structures, and conduction pathways are organized across multiple length scales. A key feature of this architecture is not a simple stack of discrete layers with slight misalignment, but a continuous transmural variation in predominant myofiber angle from the endocardial to the epicardial surface. This organization supports anisotropic electrical propagation, regional deformation, ventricular torsion,..